signal analysis ioe notes and signal analysis old question solution

 

Here you can find ioe signal analysis subject notes | signal processing lecture notes | digital signal analysis and processing notes also ioe old questions solutions are included here with regular update.

Signal Analysis ioe Notes 

what is signal.?

👉 physically, signal is a variation of physical quantity(temperature, pressure, distance, volume, velocity, etc.) that conveys some information about a physical phenomenon. 

👉 mathematically, signal is a function of one or more independent variables that carries information about a physical phenomenon. 

For example: y = f(x)=2sin(x)   [example of one dimensional signal ]

• one dimensional signal : those signal which depends upon only one independent variable.

For example: y = f(x,y)=5x+6y   [example of multidimensional signal ]

• multidimensional signal : those signal which depends upon two or more independent variables.

Note: Independent variable is considered as time.

Types of signal

Continuous time signal

• value of signal exists for all instant of time.
• all naturally occurring signals (analog signals) are continuous time signals.
• representation: x(t) 
• for example: x(t) = 5cos(ㅠt)

Discrete time signals

• value of signal is defined only for certain instant of time.
• discrete time signal are obtained by sampling of continuous time signal.
• representation: x[n]
• range of n = integer between (-∞ to +∞)
• for example: y[n] = 2sin(3n)

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IOE first year Notes for C Programming and old questions solutions

 

Engineering Notes for Computer Programming (C-Programming) matching with current ioe syllabus and important from IOE final exam point of view Here you can read most recent and updated notes in simple language . 

What is Software?

Software:- software is a program or collection of program that uses capabilities of computer

              to perform a specific task. There are three types of software

1. System software:-These software that helps to operate a particular system is called                              system software for eg:- operating system, device driver etc.
2. Application software:-These software are heavily oriented toward data storing, analyzing                 data retrieving. These are focused on growing business of an organization for eg:-ms office,games,all app ( google chrome,pubg,pumori etc).

This software is also divided into two types

1. Packaged software:- those application software targeting huge mass is called packaged software for eg:-msoffice,google chrome etc.
2. Tailored software:-those application software focusing small mass is called tailores software.eg:- app of nce college,app of nicasia etc
3. Utility software:-those software are focused on fine tuning the performance of computer              system in any situation. They helps in increasing the performance of computer system or helps to make computer system intact. For eg:-antivirus,window defender,firewall etc.

               Programming language

What do you mean by Program?

 Program:-sets of command or instruction that tells computer to perform a specific task.

What do you mean by programming language ?

 Programming language:- programming language is a intermediate tools that helps to communicate         human with computer. i.e it is a intermediate language through which we we can instruct computer to perform a specific task.

There are two types of programming language.

They are

•  low level programming language:- if program is written in computer understandable         language then it is called low level programming language. 

It is also divided into two types. they are

1.machine language:-

• machine or hardware dependent
• programming is done using binary code(combinations of 0's and 1's)
• its is very hard and tedious for a programmer to program
• program execution time is very fast.

2. Assembly language:-programming is done using binary code(0's and 1's) and mnemonics (ADD,SUB,MUL,DIV etc).

• it is a bit easier for a programmer to program than machine language.
• execution time is a bit more than than machine language(because we need to convert mnemonics to binary code)

                            Assembly language---------------> machine language

                                                               Assembler

•    High level programming language :-program written by using natural language(like English)         and different symbols is called high level programming language.

1. very easy for programmer to program
2. execution time is more than low level programming language

                    high level language--------------------> machine language

                                                   compiler/interpreter

 Compiler, Interpreter and Assembler

Compiler and interpreter are used to convert the high level language into machine level language. The program written in high level language is known as source program and the corresponding machine level language program is called as object program. Both compiler and interpreter perform the same task but there working is different. Compiler read the program at-a-time and searches the error and lists them. If the program is error free then it is converted into object program. When program size is large then compiler is preferred. Whereas interpreter read only one line of the source code and convert it to object code. If it check error, statement by statement and hence of take more time.

 An assembler program creates object code by translating combinations of mnemonics and syntax for operations and addressing modes into their numerical equivalents. This representation typically includes an operation code (”opcode”) as well as other control bits and data. The assembler also calculates constant expressions and resolves symbolic names for memory locations and other entities.

 Structured Programming

Structured programming is a programming paradigm aimed at improving the clarity, quality, and development time of a computer program by making extensive use of subroutines, block structures, for and while loops—in contrast to using simple tests and jumps such as the go to statement which could lead to ”spaghetti code” causing difficulty to both follow and maintain.

 Design FlowChart and Algorithm

An algorithm is a solution to a computer programming problem. In other words a step by step procedure for developing a problem is called an algorithm. Algorithms can be written in two different ways. 

1.Pseudocode English like steps that describe the solution. Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps programmers develop algorithms. 

2.FlowChart Pictures Detailing with specific blocks detailing out the logical flow of the solution. For a better understanding of an algorithm, it is represented pictorially. The pictorial representation of an algorithm is called a Flow Chart. The algorithm and flowchart to add two numbers can be stated as: (a) Step1: Input numbers as a and b (b) 

Step2: Sum = x + y (c) 

Step3: Print the sum

Constant and Variables

Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during its execution. These fixed values are also called literals. Constants can be of any of the basic data types like an integer constant, a floating constant, a character constant, or a string literal. There are enumeration constants as well .Constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values cannot be modified after their definition. A variable is nothing but a name given to a storage area that our programs can manipulate. Each variable in C has a specific type, which determines the size and layout of the variable’s memory; the range of values that can be stored within that memory; and the set of operations that can be applied to the variable. The name of a variable can be composed of letters, digits, and the underscore character. It must begin with either a letter or an underscore. Upper and lowercase letters are distinct because C is case-sensitive.

 Rules for writing variable name in C 

1.  A variable name can have letters (both uppercase and lowercase letters), digits and underscore only. 
2. The first letter of a variable should be either a letter or an underscore. However, it is discouraged to start variable name with an underscore. It is because variable name that starts with an underscore can conflict with a system name and may cause error. 
3. There is no rule on how long a variable can be. However, the first 31 characters of a variable are discriminated by the compiler. So, the first 31 letters of two variables in a program should be different.

Operators in C

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical functions. C language is rich in built-in operators and provides the following types of operators. 

• Arithmetic Operator 

• Relational Operator 

• Logical Operator 

• Bitwise Operator 

• Assignment Operator

 • Misc Operator

Rules for Evaluation of Expression

• First, parenthesized sub expression from left to right are evaluated. 
•  If parentheses are nested, the evaluation begins with innermost sub expression. 
• The precedence rule is applied in determining the order of operands in evaluating sub expressions. 
• Arithmetic expressions are evaluated from left to right using the rules of precedence. 
• When parentheses are used, the expressions within the parentheses assume highest priority

Control Statements in C 

C provides two types of Control Statements 

•  Branching Structure 
• Looping Structure

 Call by Value

 If data is passed by value, the data is copied from the variable used in for example main() to a variable used by the function. So if the data passed (that is stored in the function variable) is modified inside the function, the value is only changed in the variable used inside the function.

 Call by Reference 

If data is passed by reference, a pointer to the data is copied instead of the actual variable as is done in a call by value. Because a pointer is copied, if the value at that pointers address is changed in the function, the value is also changed in main(). 

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IOE Notes and Syllabus for First Year all part BCT BEL BEX BCE

 

Here you can read and downloads IOE 1st year 1st part and 2nd part Engineering Notes for BCT | BEL |  BEX | BCE .Important IOE old question solution are also included 

IOE First Year Syllabus 

First Semester syllabus

1. C-Programming
2. Engineering Chemistry 
3. Engineering Mathematics
4. Fundamental of  Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
5. Engineering Drawing I

Second Semester Syllabus

1. Applied Mechanics
2. Engineering Mathematics
3. Engineering Physics
4. Basic Electronics Engineering
5. Engineering Drawing II
6. Basic Electrical Engineering

Download Question Bank for BCT | BEL |  BEX | BCE

• Click here C programming Latest question included 2076 

Download Computer Programming Lab Reports & codes

 

• Click here All Lab reports for c-programming
• Download C - Program Source Codes for all possible programs 

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Electrical Engineering Material Question Bank solution pdf IOE All Subject Note pdf

 

IOE Electrical Engineering Material OLD Question solutions of IOE Regular and Back Questions with short theory important numerical as well as derivations are included here . Strictly in this page you can read electrical engineering notes for 3rd semester as pulchowk campus engineering notes . Here you will find ioe old question answers that are asked in ioe final examination of electrical engineering material according to ioe syllabus for electrical engineering material (EE502) 

IOE ALL SUBJECT NOTES

Chapter 1 : Theory of Metal

Define population density

If we multiply density of state Z(E) & probability of occupation index F(E) then we obtain the number of electrons (per unit energy) per unit volume which is denoted by nE & is called population density.

OR

( If we multiply density of states Z(E) and probability of occupation F(E) then we will get number of electrons occupied in a state i.e. nE and is called population density.)

 Thermionic Emission

When a metal is heated the electron within it becomes highly energetic and gets ejected from its surface . This process of ejection of electron from metal surface at high temperature is called as thermionic  emission.

Work function

There is a minimum (threshold) value of energy that the electron must posses if it is to leave the metal surface. This threshold value of energy is called work function of the metal(ɸ).

Schottky Effect

When an electric field applied to a metal is increased, the work function is decreased and hence thermionic emission from the metal surface increases. This effect is called Schottky effect.

Explain the necessity of quantum mechanics.

1. To understand the tunneling phenomena.
2. To understand the photoelectric effect.
3. To understand the behavior or nature of microscopic particles or electrons.

Chapter 2 : Free Electron Theory of Conduction in Metal

Crystalline Structure: 

It is an periodic arrangement of atoms( or molecules) in a regular pattern in space. It is the combination of lattice and basis where lattice is the infinite periodic arrangement of points in space and basis is the pair of atoms or molecules when these basis occupy the points of a lattice then we get a crystal structure.

Unit cell: 

It is the simplest structure obtained from the crystal structure. When we extend the unit cell structure in all directions in space then we get a crystal structure.

Co-ordination Number : 

It is the number of nearest neighboring atoms or the number of atoms touching the largest atom of a unit cell.

Packing density: 

It is the ratio of volume occupied by atoms to the volume of unit cell. It signifies how densely the atoms are packed in the unit cell.

Latice parameter : a, α ,β ,𝛄

IOE 2074 Ashwin Electrical Engineering Material Old Question Solution

1.a). Explain the importance of quantum mechanics. Differentiate between classical and quantum mechanics with suitable examples.

Ans: The importance of quantum mechanics are listed below:-

• To understand the tunneling phenomena.
• To understand the photoelectric effect.
• To understand the nature of microscopic particles.
• Quantum mechanics is a generalized form of mechanics which is applicable to very small object like electrons in the atom.
• All the electronic phenomena within the materials can not be explained with the help of the classical mechanics rather explained by quantum mechanics.

Difference between  classical and quantum mechanics are given below :- 

Classical Mechanics

1. It can be applied to macroscopic bodies.
2. It is based on Newton's law of motion.
3. The state of a system is defined by specifying all the forces acting on the particles as well as their position and velocity. The future state then can be predicted with certainty.
4. It is based on Maxwell's electromagnetic wave theory. 

Quantum Mechanics

1. It can be applied to microscopic bodies.
2. It follow Heisenberg Uncertainty principal.
3. It gives the probability of finding the particles at various location in space.
4. It is based on plank's quantum theory.

IOE 2068 Shrawan Electrical Engineering Material Past question solution

1.a) What is tunneling phenomenon? Derive the expression for the probability of tunneling the potential barrier of width L and height V by electron.

Ans: Tunneling phenomenon: Tunneling is a quantum mechanical phenomena such that an electron or wave can penetrate a potential barrier and appear at another region. This is possible only if the potential barrier is relatively lower and width of potential barrier is relatively narrower. 

Fermi Energy: 

In metal fermi energy is defined as the energy of highest filled energy level at temperature of absolute zero .

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Electric machine 2 ioe notes

 pulchowk note for Electric machine 2 ioe em 2 note. ioe old question solution ioeallsubjectnotes

DOUBLE FIELD REVOLVING THEORY

Statement: According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two  rotating components which rotate in opposite directions and each having  magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.

In case of single phase induction motors, the stator winding produces an alternating magnetic field having maximum magnitude ofΦ 1m. According to double revolving field theory, consider the two components of  the stator flux, each having magnitude half of the maximum magnitude of  stator flux i.e.(Φ1m/2). Both these components are rotating in opposite direction at the synchronous speed Ns which is dependent on frequency and stator poles. LetΦ f is forward component rotating in anticlockwise direction whileΦ b is  the backward component rotating in clockwise direction. The resultant of these two components at any instant gives the instantaneous  value of the stator flux at that instant. So resultant of these two is the original stator flux.

Fig.1 stator flux and its two components

The fig.1 shows the stator flux and its two componentsΦ f andΦ b. At start both the components are shown opposite to each other in the fig.1.(a). thus  the resultantΦ R=0. This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux at  start. After 900 as shown in the fig.1(b), the two components are rotated in such a way that both are pointing in the same direction. Hence the resultantΦ is the

algebraic sum of the magnitudes of the two components. So

ΦR=(Φ1m/2)+(Φ1m/2)=Φ1m. This is nothing but the instantaneous value of the stator flux atθ=90 0 as shown in  the fig.1(c). Thus continuous rotation of the two components gives the original  alternating stator flux. Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the motor

conductors. Due to cutting of flux, emf gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current

The rotor current produces rotor flux. This flux interacts with forward componentΦ to produce a torque in one particular direction say anticlockwise direction. While rotor flux interacts with backward componentsΦ b to produce a torque in the clockwise direction. So if anticlockwise torque is positive then clockwise torque is

negative. At start these two torques are equal in magnitude but opposite in  direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction.

Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start. And hence the  single phase induction motors are not self-starting.

TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

The two oppositely directed torques and the resultant torque can be

shown effectively with the help of torque-speed characteristics.

Fig: 2 torque speed characteristics

It can be seen that at start N = 0 and at that point resultant torque is zero. So single phase motors are not self-starting. However if the rotor is given an initial rotation in any direction, the resultant average torque increase in the direction in which rotor initially  rotated. And motor starts rotating in that direction. But in practice it is not  possible to give initial torque to rotor externally hence some modifications are 9  done in the construction of single phase induction motors to make them self-  starting.

forward and backward slip

Rotor started by auxiliary means, it will develop torque & continue to run  in same direction as one of the fields. By definition, the direction in which  rotor is started initially will be called forward field.

Let ns=synchronous speed, n = rotor speed Slip of rotor with respect to forward rotating field is,

Since backward rotating flux rotates opposite to the stator, sign of n must be changed in equation (i) to obtain backward slip.

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